The Cost Shifting Economics of United States Emergency Department Professional Services (2016-2019).

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We estimate the economics of US emergency department (ED) professional services, which is increasingly under strain given the longstanding effect of unreimbursed care, and falling Medicare and commercial payments. METHODS: We used data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), Medicare, Medicaid, Health Care Cost Institute, and surveys to estimate national ED clinician revenue and costs from 2016 to 2019. We compare annual revenue and cost for each payor and calculate foregone revenue, the amount clinicians may have collected had uninsured patients had either Medicaid or commercial insurance. RESULTS: In 576.5 million ED visits (2016 to 2019), 12% were uninsured, 24% were Medicare-insured, 32% Medicaid-insured, 28% were commercially insured, and 4% had another insurance source. Annual ED clinician revenue averaged $23.5 billion versus costs of $22.5 billion. In 2019, ED visits covered by commercial insurance generated $14.3 billion in revenues and cost $6.5 billion. Medicare visits generated $5.3 billion and cost $5.7 billion; Medicaid visits generated $3.3 billion and cost $7 billion. Uninsured ED visits generated $0.5 billion and cost $2.9 billion. The average annual foregone revenue for ED clinicians to treat the uninsured was $2.7 billion. CONCLUSION: Large cost-shifting from commercial insurance cross-subsidizes ED professional services for other patients. This includes the Medicaid-insured, Medicare-insured, and uninsured, all of whom incur ED professional service costs that substantially exceed their revenue. Foregone revenue for treating the uninsured relative to what may have been collected if patients had health insurance is substantial.

Cost Sharing and Cost Shifting Mechanisms under a per Diem Payment System in a County of China.

Cost sharing and cost shifting mechanisms are of vital importance in a prospective payment system. This paper employed the difference-in-differences method to estimate the impacts of a per diem system with inverted-U-shape rates on medical costs and the length of stay based on data from a health insurance institution. The supply side cost sharing mechanism worked so that the new payment system significantly reduced medical costs by 17.59 percent while the average length of stay varied little. After further analyzing the mechanism, we found that heterogeneous effects emerged mainly due to the special rates design. The reform decreased the cases that incurred relatively high medical costs and lengths of stay. However, cost shifting existed so that physicians could be motivated to provide unnecessary services to the patients who should have been discharged before the average length of stay. Therefore, payment rates in the per diem system require a sophisticated design to constrain its distortion to medical service provision even though medical expenditures were successfully contained.

Analysis of micro-costing through the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) method in viscosupplementation procedures in different application regimens / Análise do microcusteio por meio de método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) nos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação

Objective: To evaluate the micro-costing of viscosupplementation procedures compared to different infiltration regimens. Methods: This study compared, through the Time-Driven ActivityBased Costing method, the micro-costing of these different application regimens using national cost averages as a basis for calculation in a medium-sized outpatient service. Results: The results demonstrated that the difference in costs with the single application is 31.47% less for three and 119.13% for five applications. Conclusions: No study showed a superiority of the five-application regimen over the three-application regimen, which leads one to believe that there is no justification for this procedure from an economic or quality-of-life point of view.

Objective: Avaliar o microcusteio dos procedimentos de viscossuplementação do joelho em diferentes regimes de aplicação. Métodos: Este estudo comparou, por meio do método Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, o microcusteio desses diferentes regimes de aplicação, usando com base de cálculo médias nacionais de custo em um serviço ambulatorial de porte médio. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a diferença nos custos com a aplicação única é 31,47% menor para três aplicações e 119,13% para cinco aplicações. Conclusão: Em nenhum estudo houve superioridade do regime de cinco aplicações ao regime de três, fato que leva a acreditar que não há nenhuma justificativa para esse procedimento do ponto de vista econômico ou de qualidade de vida do paciente.

Cost-benefit allocation of collaborative carbon emissions reduction considering fairness concerns-A case study of the Yangtze River Delta, China.

As the country with the highest carbon emissions, the main focus of China has become carbon reduction. At present, the governance of carbon reduction is mainly based on the division of administrative regions, which leads to the governance inefficiency and high costs because of spatial spillover and regional mobility of carbon emissions. The need for collaborative governance to promote carbon reduction performance has been recognized. However, because of differences in both costs and benefits between developed and less developed regions, a clear cost and benefit allocation mechanism must be established first. Fairness is very important when all members are to actively participate in collaborative carbon emission reduction efforts. In this paper, one of the regions renowned for collaborative governance-the Yangtze River Delta region-is used as example, and a cost-benefit allocation mechanism is constructed that incorporates members' fairness concerns. The carbon emission efficiency, carbon reduction efforts, and total carbon emission amount are compared under two scenarios: a cost-sharing scenario and a centralized decision-making scenario. The results indicate that, compared with the centralized decision-making scenario, the cost-sharing scenario achieved greater regional carbon reduction efforts, a higher carbon emission efficiency, and more total emissions. Furthermore, under the cost-sharing scenario, in less developed regions, fairness concerns increase carbon emission efficiency and total carbon emissions. The fairness concern in developed regions reduces the profit proportion, while the fairness concern in less developed region increases the profit proportion. The impact of fairness concern on carbon reduction is stronger in developed regions.

Costos hospitalarios por enfermedades prevenibles en la infancia / Hospital costs for preventable diseases in childhood

La infección respiratoria aguda baja, el asma y la enfermedad sibilante bronquial, la gastroenteritis y las causas externas son grupos de enfermedades agudas de posible prevención en la infancia y, en particular, de hospitalizaciones totalmente evitables. Una de las causas fundamentales del número creciente de consultas y egresos hospitalarios de estos grupos de enfermedades es la estrategia deficitaria de la promoción y prevención en salud, generando un mal uso de recursos. Objetivo: Describir los costos de las internaciones de niños y adolescentes por enfermedades de hospitalización prevenible en el Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de la ciudad de La Plata (HNLP) y como objetivo específico relacionar el costo de las hospitalizaciones prevenibles con el nivel de cobertura del seguro de salud y el lugar de residencia del paciente en el año 2015. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo. La población de base fueron los egresos por infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB), causas externas, gastroenteritis (GEA) y asma con sibilantes bronquiales recurrentes (SBR). Muestreo aleatorio estratificado de 30 pacientes por patología. Se analizaron variables costo hospitalario y cobertura del servicio de salud, utilizando los nomencladores públicos nacional, provincial y de la obra social de la Pcia. Bs. As. Los costos fueron analizados por paciente y por día de internación. Resultados:Los egresos por enfermedades de hospitalización prevenibles correspondieron al 41.2%. El asma fue el 16.8, las causas externas 12.2%, IRAB 7.8% y la GEA 4.4%. El 64% de los egresos de EP fueron internados en las salas de baja complejidad, el 33 % en terapias intermedias y el 3% en alta complejidad. El total de días de internación por enfermedades de hospitalización prevenible 23.123. El 72% no tenían un seguro de salud y residían en el 2do cordón del conglomerado. El valor promedio de los tres nomencladores por nivel de complejidad de un día de internación fue 212 dólares en baja complejidad, 299 dólares en complejidad intermedia y 497 dólares en alta complejidad. Conclusión: Hubo un alto porcentaje de egresos por enfermedades de hospitalizaciones prevenibles. La baja complejidad y los pocos días de internación refuerzan su revisibilidad. La baja condición socioeconómica por lugar de residencia y falta de seguro de salud son factores de riesgo asociados. Los altos costos demostrados por hospitalizaciones prevenibles pueden aminorarse con políticas certeras de promoción y prevención en salud especialmente en poblaciones vulnerables

Acute lower respiratory infection, asthma and bronchial wheezing disease, gastroenteritis and external causes are groups of acute diseases of possible prevention in childhood and, in particular, of totally avoidable hospitalizations. One of the fundamental causes of the growing number of consultations and hospital discharges of these groups of diseases is the deficient strategy of health promotion and prevention, generating a misuse of resources. Objective: Describe the costs of hospitalizations of children and adolescents for preventable hospitalization diseases at the "Sor María Ludovica" Children's Hospital in the city of La Plata (HNLP) and as a specific objective to relate the cost of preventable hospitalizations with the level of health insurance coverage and the patient's place of residence in 2015. Methodology: Retrospective cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study. The base population was discharges for acute lower respiratory infection (IRAB), external causes, gastroenteritis (GEA) and asthma with recurrent bronchial wheezing (SBR). Stratified random sampling of 30 patients by pathology. Variables hospital cost and health service coverage were analyzed, using the national,provincial and social work public nomenclators of the Pcia. Bs. As. Costs were analyzed per patient and per day of hospitalization. Results: Discharges for preventable hospitalization diseases were 41.2%: Asthma was 16.77%, external causes 12.2%, IRAB 7.8% and GEA 4.4%. Sixty four percent of these discharges were hospitalized in low complexity rooms, 33% in intermediate therapies and 3% in high complexity. The total number of days of hospitalization for preventable hospitalization diseases was 23,123. SEventy two percent did not have health insurance and reside in the 2nd cordon of the conglomerate. The average cost, according to the three nomenclators, per level of complexity of a day of hospitalization is $212 in low complexity, $299 in intermediate complexity and $497 in high complexity. Conclusion: There was a high percentage of discharges for potentially preventable diseases. The low complexity and the few days of hospitalization reinforce its predictability. Low socioeconomic status by place of residence and lack of health insurance are associated risk factors. The high costs demonstrated by preventable hospitalizations can be reduced with accurate health promotion and prevention policies, especially in vulnerable populations

A Cost Allocation Decision Model for Air Pollution Control.

Air pollution control as the background of a cost allocation method is based on the Shapley value to determine the core stakeholder, so fair pollution control projects and the establishment of the atmospheric pollution of governance cost allocation model are put forward for the solution of air pollution coordinated by the government supervision and the atmospheric pollution control collaborative group. The results show that the cost allocation model of air pollution control based on Shapley value is more reasonable, and the cost of stakeholders is reduced to a certain extent, and the risk of the participants is reduced so that it maximizes social benefits.

Eficiência nos atendimentos hospitalares nas capitais brasileiras no período de 2014-2017 / Efficiency in hospital care in Brazilian capitals for the period 2014-2017

Objetivo: Analisar o nível de eficiência dos atendimentos hospitalares nas capitais estaduais e Distrito Federal entre os anos de 2014 a 2017. Métodos: O método de investigação utilizado foi a Análise Envoltória de Dados para estimar os níveis de eficiência dos recursos. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que ocorrem diferenças no nível de eficiência das capitais estaduais e Distrito Federal, sendo possível desenvolver o potencial das unidades ineficientes, de forma que aumentem a eficiência técnica nos atendimentos hospitalares. Conclusão: Analisar o uso dos recursos públicos contribui para identificar se os recursos estão sendo aplicados de forma eficiente e, quando não, sinaliza para a necessidade de tomada de decisões mais coerentes com a realidade de cada capital.

Objective: Analyze the level of efficiency of the hospital care in the Brazilian capitals and the Federal District between the years 2014 to 2017. Methods: The investigation method used was the Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate resource the resource efficiency levels. Results: The results indicate that there are differences in the level of efficiency of the state capitals and the Federal District, making it possible to develop the potential of inefficient units, in order to increase technical efficiency in hospital care. Conclusion: Analyzing the use of public resources helps to identify whether resources are being applied efficiently and when not, they signal the need for decision making that is more consistent with the reality of each capital.

Costo de atención de recién nacidos con peso 1500 gramos en el Hospital Penna, Bahía Blanca, Argentina / Costs for the health care of newborns weighing up to 1500 g at Penna Hospital, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los sistemas de costos por servicio hospitalario permiten evaluar la eficiencia en la utilización de recursos y son la base para realizar estudios comparativos entre grupos de pacientes con características diferenciales. La internación en Neonatología de niños de bajo peso al nacer presenta especial interés por su complejidad y alto costo. El objetivo fue estimar los costos directos del día de internación en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Interzonal Dr. José Penna de pacientes con peso al ingreso menor o igual a 1500 g en 2019. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, para el cual se relevaron datos del Servicio de Neonatología y de las áreas de compras y personal del Hospital. Se estimó el costo promedio por día de internación y por egreso del total del Servicio y de los recién nacidos con peso de hasta 1500 g. RESULTADOS: El estudio se realizó sobre 489 egresos. El costo directo promedio por día de internación fue de $17.755. Para el grupo de peso ≤ 1500 g, el promedio de días de internación fue de 55,9 y el costo promedio por egreso, de $992.191; para ≤ 1000 g, de 80,6 y $1.430.229, respectivamente. Se evidenció un fuerte impacto del bajo peso al nacer: el 8% de los egresos con vida de Neonatología genera el 33% de los costos del proceso de internación neonatal. DISCUSIÓN: Es importante realizar estudios de costos por servicio hospitalario, en especial por grupos de casos, a fin de generar información útil para la toma de decisiones.

Water pollutant discharge permit allocation based on DEA and non-cooperative game theory.

Against the background of the ecological civilization system reform in the new era, the appropriate allocation of water pollutant discharge permits is an important policy for controlling the amount of wastewater discharge. Traditional allocation methods have disadvantages, such as high additional costs, an unfair allocation scheme, and market distortion. In the present study, a fixed-cost allocation model based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Nash non-cooperative game theory is employed to allocate water pollutant discharge permits of totally 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2017. The allocation scheme considers environmental efficiency. The results demonstrate regional differences in the allocation of water pollutant discharge permits. The eastern region has abundant allocations. The northeastern and central regions have insufficient allocations. Besides, the western region has a significant shortage of allocations. It indicates the higher the utilization efficiency of the water pollutant discharge permits, the higher the region's sustainable development is. Based on the analysis, we propose guidelines for industrial wastewater discharge reduction.

Strategic cost-shifting in long-term care. Evidence from the Netherlands.

With the reform in 2015 of the system of long-term care (LTC) in the Netherlands, responsibilities for the provision of social support and assistance were delegated from the central government to the municipalities. Unintentionally, the way municipalities are financed created incentives to shift cost from the local level back to central level. In this paper we examine whether municipalities respond to the prevailing financial incentives by shifting costs to the public LTC insurance scheme. Using data on almost all Dutch municipalities over the period 2015-2019, we estimate that municipalities with a solvency rate below 20% have a 2.5% higher admission rate to the public LTC scheme. Furthermore, we show that the tightening municipal budgets for social care since 2017 were accompanied with about 14% higher admission rates in 2018 and 2019 compared to 2015. The results point to strategic cost shifting by municipalities that can be counteracted by changing the financial incentives for municipalities and by reducing the existing overlap between the local and central care domains.

Public Payment Rates For Hospitals And The Potential For Consolidation-Induced Cost Shifting.

The theory of hospital cost shifting posits that reductions in public prices lead to higher commercial prices. The cost-shifting narrative and the empirical strategies used to evaluate it typically assume no connection between public prices and the number of hospitals operating in the market (market structure). We raise the possibility of "consolidation-induced cost shifting," which recognizes that changes in public prices for hospital care can affect market structure and, through that mechanism, affect commercial prices. We investigated the first leg of that argument: that public payment may affect hospital market structure. After controlling for many confounders, we found that hospitals with a higher share of Medicare patients had lower and more rapidly declining profits and an increased likelihood of closure or acquisition compared with hospitals that were less reliant on Medicare. This is consistent with the existence of consolidation-induced cost shifting and implies that reductions in public prices must be undertaken cautiously. Mechanisms to limit closure- or acquisition-induced increases in commercial hospital prices may be important.

Bilateral associated game: Gain and loss in revaluation.

Hamiache introduces associated game to revalue each coalition's worth, in which every coalition redefines his worth based on his own ability and the possible surpluses cooperating with other players. However, as every coin has two sides, revaluation may also bring some possible losses. In this paper, bilateral associated game will be presented by taking into account the possible surpluses and losses when revaluing the worth of a coalition. Based on different bilateral associated games, associated consistency is applied to characterize the equal allocation of non-separable costs value (EANS value) and the center-of-gravity of imputation-set value (CIS value). The Jordan normal form approach is the pivotal technique to accomplish the most important proof.

Comparative analysis between prevention and treatment costs for gestational diabetes mellitus in primary and tertiary health care in a city in Southern Brazil / Análise comparativa entre os custos de prevenção e tratamento do diabetes mellitus gestacional na assistência à saúde primária e terciária em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

Objective: The present study's purpose is to evaluate the economic context in which the Brazilian public health system, the only universal public health system with more than 200 million users, stands out. This evaluation will be made through the lens of the execution of gestational health care services in a city of approximately 500 thousand inhabitants in southern Brazil. The care costs of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) will be compared to those of patients without GDM, analyzing the different economic valuation methods. And lastly, there was an intent to explore the generated costs in the context of economic valuation applied to health to comprehend better the complexity of the union of the financial and health areas to optimize the services offered. Methods: For the economic context in health, an analysis of health investments was performed through the Transparency Portal. The costs involved in preventing GDM were raised by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) table of procedures performed ordinarily in low-risk pregnancies. The expenses involved in DMG patients were increased at the High-Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Medicine Clinic of DMG patients. Results: Preventing GDM is more cost-effective, cost-minimizing, and cost-useful than treating patients diagnosed with GDM. Conclusion: The result is an extremely interesting costopportunity, given the economic context in which it is presented

Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o contexto econômico em que se encontra o sistema público de saúde brasileiro, único sistema público universal de saúde com mais de 200 milhões de usuários. Essa avaliação será feita sob a ótica da execução de serviços de saúde gestacional em um município de aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes no Sul do Brasil. Os custos assistenciais de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) serão comparados aos de pacientes sem DMG, analisando os diferentes métodos de valoração econômica. Também serão analisados os custos gerados no contexto da valoração econômica aplicada à saúde para uma melhor com preensão da complexidade da união das áreas econômica e da saúde com o objetivo de otimizar os serviços oferecidos. Métodos: Para a contextualização econômica em saúde, foi feita a análise dos investimentos em saúde pelo Portal da Transparência. Os custos envolvidos na prevenção da DMG foram levantados pela tabela de procedimentos realizados ordinariamente em gestações de baixo risco do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os custos envolvidos em pacientes com DMG foram levantados no Ambulatório de Gestação de Alto Risco e Medicina Fetal de pacientes com DMG. Resultados: Prevenir o DMG apresenta maiores custo-benefício, custo-efetividade, custo-minimização e custo-utilidade em comparação com o tratamento das pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMG. Conclusão: O resultado é um custo-oportunidade extremamente interessante, dado o contexto econômico em que se apresenta

Process Mapping and Activity-Based Costing of the Intravitreal Injection Procedure.

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY: To quantify the cost of performing an intravitreal injection (IVI) utilizing activity-based costing (ABC), which allocates a cost to each resource involved in a manufacturing process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational cohort study was performed at an urban, multi-specialty ophthalmology practice affiliated with an academic institution. Fourteen patients scheduled for an IVI-only visit with a retina ophthalmologist were observed from clinic entry to exit to create a process map of time and resource utilization. Indirect costs were allocated with ABC and direct costs were estimated based on process map observations, internal accounting records, employee interviews, and nationally-reported metrics. The primary outcome measure was the cost of an IVI procedure in United States dollars. Secondary outcomes included operating income (cost subtracted from revenue) of an IVI and patient-centric time utilization for an IVI. RESULTS: The total cost of performing an IVI was $128.28; average direct material, direct labor, and overhead costs were $2.14, $97.88, and $28.26, respectively. Compared to the $104.40 reimbursement set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for Current Procedural Terminology code 67028, this results in a negative operating income of -$23.88 (-22.87%). The median clinic resource-utilizing time to complete an IVI was 32:58 minutes (range [19:24-1:28:37]); the greatest bottleneck was physician-driven electronic health record documentation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an objective and accurate cost estimate of the IVI procedure and illustrates how ABC may be applied in a clinical context. Our findings suggest that IVIs may currently be undervalued by payors.

A realidade das informações da política de medicamentos especializados nos websites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde / The reality of the information of the specialized drug policy on the websites of the State Health Departments / La realidad de la información especializada sobre políticas de medicamentos en los sitios web del Departamento de Salud del Estado

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar como os sites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde da Paraíba, Bahia, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul disponibilizam informações sobre a política de medicamentos brasileira para os usuários do SUS. Com base em uma metodologia qualitativa, observa-se uma variedade de formas de organização e apresentação das informações estruturadas em uma linguagem predominantemente técnica, em desacordo com o nível de instrução da população, em oposição à uma comunicação pública que deve ser, segundo a norma legal, acessível e compreensível por gestores, profissionais e atores da sociedade civil, superando o linguajar do corpo técnico-burocrático para que a política pública seja apropriada pela sociedade. Ao identificar uma distância existente entre lei e realidade, conclui-se enunciando limites e desafios a serem superados pelos agentes políticos no aprofundamento e desenvolvimento de metodologias voltadas para a qualidade do acesso às informações da política pública de medicamentos pela população.

The objective of this article is to analyze how the websites of the State Health Departments of Paraíba, Bahia, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul provide information about the Brazilian drug policy for SUS users. Based on a qualitative methodology, a variety of forms of organization and presentation of structured information are observed in a predominantly technical language, in disagreement with the level of education of the population of these states, as opposed to a public communication that must be, according to the legal norm, accessible and understandable by managers, professionals and civil society actors, overcoming the language of the technical-bureaucratic body so that public policy is appropriated by society. When identifying a distance between law and reality, it concludes by stating a limits and challenges to be overcome by the political agents in the deepening and development of methodologies focused on the quality of access to information on public policy of medicines by the population.

El propósito de este documento es analizar cómo los sitios web de los Departamentos de Salud del Estado de Paraíba, Bahía, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul proporcionan información sobre la política de drogas de Brasil a los usuarios del SUS. Basado en una metodología cualitativa, se puede observar una variedad de formas de organización y presentación de información estructurada en un lenguaje predominantemente técnico, en desacuerdo con el nivel educativo de la población, en oposición a una comunicación pública que debe ser, según la norma, legal, accesible y comprensible para gerentes, profesionales y actores de la sociedad civil, superando el lenguaje del cuerpo técnico-burocrático para que la sociedad se apropie de las políticas públicas. Al identificar una distancia existente entre la ley y la realidad, concluimos estableciendo límites y desafíos que deben superar los agentes políticos en la profundización y el desarrollo de metodologías dirigidas a la calidad del acceso a la información de las políticas públicas sobre medicamentos por parte de la población.

Mixed Bag: Some Payers Capitalize on COVID Chaos; Others Help Make Care Easier.

Physicians believe some payers are taking advantage of COVID chaos with their drug policies, but also see some plans taking steps to make care easier during the pandemic.

A Paradigm Shift in Physician Reimbursement: A Model to Align Reimbursement to Value in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Despite common beliefs, underuse of laparoscopic colorectal surgery remains an issue. A paradigm shift to increase laparoscopy and align payment with effort is needed, with pressures to improve value. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare reimbursement across surgical approach and payer for common colorectal procedures and to propose a novel way to increase use in the United States. DATA SOURCES: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (Medicare) reimbursement and commercial claims data from 2012 to 2015 were used. STUDY SELECTION: Reimbursement across payers was mapped for the 10 most common colorectal procedures using the open and laparoscopic approaches. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The reimbursement difference across approaches by payer and potential value proposition from a cost-shifting model increasing reimbursement with corresponding increases in laparoscopic use was measured. RESULTS: For Medicare, reimbursement was lower laparoscopically than open for the majority. With commercial, laparoscopy was reimbursed less for 3 procedures. When laparoscopic reimbursement was higher, the amount was not substantial. Medicare payments were consistently lower than commercial, with corresponding lower reimbursement for laparoscopy. Increasing reimbursement by 10%, 20%, and 30% resulted in significant cost savings with laparoscopy. Savings were amplified with increasing use, with additional savings over baseline at all levels, except 30% reimbursement/10% increased use. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by the use of claims data, which could have coding errors and confounding in the case mix across approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Reimbursement for laparoscopic colorectal surgery is comparatively lower than open. Reimbursement can be increased with significant overall cost savings, as the reimbursement/case is still less than total cost savings with laparoscopy compared with open cases. Incentivizing surgeons toward laparoscopy could drive use and improve outcomes, cost, and quality as we shift to value-based payment. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B290. CAMBIOS EN LOS PARADIGMAS DE REEMBOLSOS MÉDICOS: UN MODELO PARA ALINEAR EL REEMBOLSO AL VALOR REAL DE LA CIRUGÍA COLORRECTAL LAPAROSCÓPICA EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS: A pesar de las creencias comunes, la subutilización de la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica sigue siendo un problema. Se necesita un cambio en los paradigmas para aumentar y alinear el rembolso de la laparoscopia aplicando mucho esfuerzo para obtener una mejoría en su valor real.Comparar los reembolsos del abordaje quirúrgico y los de la administración para procedimientos colorrectales comunes y proponer una nueva forma de aumentar su uso en los Estados Unidos.Reembolsos en los Centros de Servicios de Medicare y Medicaid (Medicare) y los datos de reclamos comerciales encontrados de 2012-2015.El reembolso administrativo se mapeó para los diez procedimientos colorrectales más comunes utilizando los enfoques abiertos y laparoscópicos.Diferencias de reembolso entre los enfoques por parte de la administración y la propuesta de valor real de un modelo de cambio de costos que aumentan el reembolso con los aumentos correspondientes si se utiliza la laparoscopía.Para Medicare, el reembolso fue menor para una mayoría por vía laparoscópica que abierta. Comercialmente, la laparoscopia se reembolsó menos por 3 procedimientos. Cuando el reembolso laparoscópico fue mayor, la cantidad no fue sustancial. Los pagos de Medicare fueron consistentemente más bajos que los pagos comerciales, con el correspondiente reembolso más bajo por laparoscopia. El aumento del reembolso en un 10%, 20% y 30% resultó en ahorros de costos significativos con la laparoscopía. Los ahorros se amplificaron con el aumento de la utilización, con ahorros adicionales sobre la línea de base en todos los niveles, excepto el 30% de reembolso / 10% de mayor uso.Uso de datos de reclamos, que podrían tener errores de codificación y confusión en la combinación de casos entre enfoques.El reembolso por la cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica es comparativamente más bajo que el abordaje abierto. El reembolso se puede aumentar con ahorros significativos en los costos generales, ya que el reembolso / caso es aún menor que el ahorro total en los costos de la laparoscopia en comparación con los casos abiertos. Incentivar a los cirujanos hacia la laparoscopía podría impulsar la utilización y mejorar los resultados, el costo y la calidad a medida que se pasa al pago basado en el valor real. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B290. (Traducción-Dr Xavier Delgadillo).

Patient-initiated follow-up for low-risk endometrial cancer: a cost-analysis evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Risk stratification has resulted in patient-initiated follow-up being introduced for low-risk endometrial cancer in place of routine hospital follow-up. The financial benefit to the patient and the healthcare economy of patient-initiated follow-up, as compared with hospital follow-up, has yet to be explored. In this study, we explored the potential impact for both the healthcare economy and patients of patient-initiated follow-up. METHODS: Women diagnosed with low-risk endometrial cancer enrolled on a patient-initiated follow-up scheme between November 2014 and September 2018 were included. Data on the number of telephone calls to the nurse specialists and clinic appointments attended were collected prospectively. The number of clinic appointments that would have taken place if the patient had continued on hospital follow-up, rather than starting on patient-initiated follow-up, was calculated and costs determined using standard National Health Service (NHS) reference costs. The time/distance traveled by patients from their home address to the hospital clinic was calculated and used to determine patient-related costs. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients with a median of 37 (range 2-62) months follow-up after primary surgery were enrolled on the scheme. In total, the cohort were scheduled to attend 1673 appointments with hospital follow-up, whereas they only attended 69 clinic appointments and made 107 telephone contacts with patient-initiated follow-up. There was a 93.5% reduction in costs from a projected £194 068.00 for hospital follow-up to £12 676.33 for patient-initiated follow-up. The mean patient-related costs were reduced by 95.6% with patient-initiated follow-up. The total mileage traveled by patients for hospital follow-up was 30 891.4 miles, which was associated with a mean traveling time per patient of 7.41 hours and clinic/waiting time of 7.5 hours compared with 1165.8 miles and 0.46 hours and 0.5 hours, respectively, for patient-initiated follow-up. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a patient self-management follow-up scheme for low-risk endometrial cancer was associated with financial/time saving to both the patient and the healthcare economy as compared with hospital follow-up.

Aprueban el valor costo-hora para el cálculo de la entrega económica por los servicios complementarios en salud / They approve the cost-hour value for calculating the economic delivery for complementary health services

El documento contiene el valor de costo-hora para el cálculo de la entrega económica por los servicios complementarios en salud que realicen los profesionales de la salud (RM 143-2020-MINSA), así mismo contiene la RM 237-2020-MINSA, que modifica el artículo 2 del documento principal.